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行、受贿罪的分析和实践中办理行、受贿案件的程序

行、受贿罪的分析和实践中办理行、受贿案件的程序

水鹏飞 郭振杰 

 

一、受贿罪和行贿罪的概念

受贿罪是指国家工作人员利用职务上的便利,索取他人财物,或者非法收受他人财物,为他人谋取利益的行为。(目前各地检察机关反贪局侦办的大部分案件为受贿案)

行贿罪是指为谋取不正当利益,给国家工作人员以财物(含在经济往来中,违反国家规定,给予国家工作人员以财物,数额较大,或者违反国家规定,给予国家工作人员以各种名义的回扣费、手续费)的行为。(就目前的各地检察机关的立案罪名来看极少以行贿罪(个人行贿)来立案。

二、受贿罪和行贿罪主体的分析

受贿罪的主体主要是指国家工作人员,国家行政机关、事业单位、国有企业、公司的工作人员为当然的国家工作人员。实践中也有刑法中规定的准国家工作人员,如村委会的组成人员,即:村委会主任(副主任)、村党支部书记、村委会委员。也有国有股份公司中受上级委派从事公务的工作人员。

行贿罪的主体分为个人和单位,实践中对个人行贿很少立案侦查,单位行贿罪必须满足一定的条件,即:1、单位行贿数额在20万元以上的;

  2、单位为谋取不正当利益而行贿,数额在10万元以上不满20万元,但具有下列情形之一的:

  (1)为谋取非法利益而行贿的:

  (2)向3人以上行贿的;

  (3)向党政领导、司法工作人员、行政执法人员行贿的;

  (4)致使国家或者社会利益遭受重大损失的。

  因行贿取得的违法所得归个人所有的,依照关于个人行贿的规定立案,追究其刑事责任。

因为在实践中公安机关的经侦部门对非国家工作人员受贿罪和职务侵占罪打击力度不够,基层检察机关办理案件中大部分犯罪主体为国有企业的工作人员和村委会成员,其中管辖范围也有超出刑法对村委会人员构成受贿罪所指定的七项内容。

三、行、受贿案件的办理过程

(一)线索来源。

检察机关的线索来源一般分为内部控申转来的群众实名举报和自侦发现。综合看来群众实名举报的线索价值不高,成案率较低。而自侦发现的成案机率较高。其中自侦发现的案件线索一般又分为内部人员匿名举报(俗称“窝里反”)和侦查人员摸排。内部人员举报因对整个事件的来龙去脉掌握较清,对案件的侦办起到很大的指引作用。而侦查人员摸排因为前期掌握了较为足够的证据,对当事人的心理防线打击较大,容易突破。

(二)案件初查的基本情况

检察机关在初查中一般要调取相关帐目及与案件有关的信息,如:当事人的帐户基本情况、近期通话情况、更有甚者调取当事人的短信通信内容等。如掌握案件的一定情况就会迅速询问或传唤犯罪嫌疑人,这时就要进入与当事人面对面的较量。其过程因涉及办案机密,在此不予阐述。

(三)立案侦查阶段

在对当事人进行询问后,如掌握了当事人有犯罪事实的话,由办案部门提出意见提交检察委员会立案并采取强制措施。因为上级部门对立案有严格的标准,一旦对当事人立案侦查,足以说明检察机关掌握的当事人的犯罪事实已够成犯罪。强制措施一般分为:刑事拘留、取保候审、监视居住等。因为受办案条件所限,实践中一般只采取刑事拘留和取保候审的强制措施。

检察机关对当事人进行立案侦查后,当事人的身份转换为犯罪嫌疑人,面临的将是刑事拘留或取保候审,检察机关刑事拘留的期限为14天,因自侦案件报请逮捕要上提一级,在拘留三天内,侦查机关就要准备案卷材料提请逮捕。犯罪嫌疑人被羁押14天后要变更强制措施为逮捕,如上一级侦查部门不同意逮捕,其强制措施马上要变更为取保候审。

四、行、受贿罪在实践中的判决情况

行贿罪因个人行贿立案较少,大多判决为缓刑,在此不赘述。

单位行贿罪,在实践中对主要责任人大多判处缓刑,对单位并处罚金。相对于受贿罪来说判罚较轻。

依照法法律规定,犯受贿罪,受贿金额5万元以下处5年以下处有期徒刑、拘役或管制。受贿金额5万元以上10万元以下处5年以上10年以下有期徒刑。受贿金额10万元以上处10年以上有期徒刑直至死刑。

受贿罪各地判决标准不太一致,以西安某地检察机关为例,2008年以前,被告人犯受贿罪的判决结果均为缓刑,2008年之后判决结果大部分为实刑。这就要考量代理律师的水平和综合实力。

五、如何预防行、受贿犯罪

各单位加大职务犯罪廉政教育,对重点岗位人员进行定期培训等。

本文仅是笔者结合实际办案过程的一点心得体会,如有不足,敬请谅解.

转载请注明出处

 
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